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[Music]

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I work for a little company in Boulder

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called coalescence we're a privately

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funded group we've been doing ColdFusion

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work for the last seven years and we

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focus our work exclusively on

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experimental replication of work that

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has been published elsewhere as I get

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into this I'll try to deconstruct this

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title a little bit charge particles are

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things like alpha particles and there

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are evidence of cold fusion that's why

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it's interesting to look for it and I'll

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talk some about Co deposition which is a

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technique to initiate a cold fusion

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reaction let me start with a little bit

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of history before I got involved this

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Time magazine cover was kind of the

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beginning and end of my understanding of

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the field this was about the point where

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it was sort of made a big deal and then

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it kind of went away people thought it

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was sort of a hoax it turns out there's

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a number of people a couple hundred

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worldwide that have been working on it

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produced more heat than could be

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explained by known chemistry using a

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palladium deuterium electrolytic cell

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one of the questions the critics asked

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was well if this is really a nuclear

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reaction there should be some nuclear

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byproducts referred to by the cold

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fusion people this nuclear ash so what

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I'm going to talk about here is the look

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looking for that nuclear ash which in

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this particular case is charged

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particles a charged particle being

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something like an alpha particle helium

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nucleus or a proton or an energetic

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not long after well when in 1989 when

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the fields started everybody tried

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everything to see if they could recreate

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this a group led by Stan Spock

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who worked for a naval group out in San

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Diego described a technique called Co

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deposition in the original pons

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Fleischmann Cell the way that work is

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you had a Palladium cathode in heavy

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water and when you electrolyze water you

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pull hydrogen or

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this case deuterium to the cathode and

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oxygen forms at the anode and when you

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do that palladium is this magic material

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which absorbs lots of hydrogen or

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deuterium and when you get about 1/2

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Tyrion atom for every palladium atom in

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the lattice you get this reaction it

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takes a long time for that to occur so

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the breakthrough that Stan Spock

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described was a technique where you

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plate palladium out at the same time you

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electrolyze it and so you build this 1

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to 1 ratio right away the reaction

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starts more quickly in 2007 from the

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same group ammos your boss described a

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technique to find charged particles

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using a solid-state detector called CR

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39 which I'll talk more about as we get

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into this so what I want to talk about

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is kind of the search that we did in our

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laboratory to reproduce the work that

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was described by this naval group we

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thought this was important work for a

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couple reasons

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a number of people described seeing

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similar things so it would seem to be

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pretty reproducible charged particles

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were real interesting because they don't

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happen by accident they have to happen

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as a result of a nuclear reaction so we

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thought that was interesting and what

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I'm going to do it and go through this

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talk is kind of chronologically what we

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did in our search and what we found we

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went into this trying to answer the

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question is okay these charged particles

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are there what's the nature of them when

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do they occur what are their energies

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what can we learn about them all right

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let's talk a little bit about Co

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deposition I've got a little cartoon

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over there so you take a little cell you

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fill it full of electrolyte in this case

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you need some sort of assault in the

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electrolyte in order to make it conduct

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electricity in this case it's lithium

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chloride and then there's also a small

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amount of palladium chloride so when you

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pass a current through the cell you do

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two things you plate palladium out on

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the cathode and you also evolve

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deuterium from the cathode and oxygen

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from the anode this protocol is

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relatively slow it runs for a couple

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weeks and then you turn the current up

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and that's when interesting things

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happen

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experiment takes about three weeks we

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show here and lots of other people in

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the literature show these really

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interesting cauliflower like palladium

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deposits they have a lot of surface area

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and that's where the reaction is thought

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to occur so in the first phase of our

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study we said gee these charged

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particles exist what can we do to get

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more information about them so we used a

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scintillation detector and a simulation

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detector is a crystal or in some case an

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organic material that when you hit it

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with an energetic charged particle it

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makes light and then you can collect the

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light and figure out characteristics

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about when the particle arrived and how

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much energy it had radiation is a

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discrete events or every time you get a

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decay you get a flash of light and you

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typically put a counter behind it so we

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refer to counts as being a measure of

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the amount of radiation that was

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measured this is kind of a cartoon of

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what the first experiment looked like

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we've got this little electrolytic cell

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we make the cathode by putting a thin

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film of metal onto the scintillation

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crystal and then as you run the

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experiment you plate the plate palladium

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out which is those little irregular

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shaped blobs and on the side of the

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Palladium that faces assimilation

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crystal for reaction occurs you get a

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charged particle it doesn't have very

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far to go it goes into the scintillation

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crystal it makes light and it gets

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detected so in real life it looked like

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this these cells are about three inches

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tall this is the cathode right here it's

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the scintillation crystal with a metal

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film on it the vertical wires over here

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were the anode it was filled with this

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brown cocktail which was lithium

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chloride and palladium chloride in heavy

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water and then the backside of the

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scintillation crystal went up against a

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photomultiplier tube which is a light

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detection device and that whole device

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is sealed up in a dark chamber and the

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experiment runs for about three weeks

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what happened nothing that was bad we

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didn't see any increase in counts so we

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didn't see any charge particles above

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background

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of wanted it to we were seeing about 200

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counts a day of background so it meant

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that if we got a lot of energy all at

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once we certainly would see it if we got

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particles counts it showed up uniformly

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over the two-week period we probably

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wouldn't see it whenever you're doing a

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replication you get a negative result

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the first question you ask is okay did

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we run the right experiment did we

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create the right conditions or did or

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can we explain the negative result by

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the fact we didn't run the right

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experiment which led us to the second

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set of our experiment which was to try

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to understand you know why didn't the

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first one work in order to do that we

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decided to run two cells at the same

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time one of them like the one I just

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described and the sewol we were going to

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use the Sierra 39 whoops detector that

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the the Navy group had used so let me

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tell you a little bit about CR 39 and

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how it works on the right hand side is a

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little piece of CR 39 it's plastic it's

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the same material your eyeglasses are

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made out of in this case it's made in

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really thin sheets and it's extremely

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pure doesn't have any holes in it it has

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the characteristic if you hit it with an

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energetic charged particle the charged

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particle damages the plastic and then

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you after you've run your experiment you

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develop it if you will by edging the

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material in a hot life solution and then

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you read it by looking at it with a

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microscope see you have 39 is an

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integrating detector what that means is

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that any particle that hits it from the

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time it was born until you develop it

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get recorded so you could detect very

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low levels of activity the bad news is

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you have no idea when that activity

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occurred in order to count it you can do

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it by hand and you do that for about two

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days and you go nuts we ended up

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building a an automatic scanner which

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was a microscope on a three axis stage

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it's just sort of ran across the piece

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of CR 39 taking two to four thousand

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images and then we crunch those images

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with some computer programs and it

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results in little montages of tracks so

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this is what our radiation track looks

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like those little squares represent

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about 50

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microns of distance on a piece of CR 39

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plastic so this is the cartoon of what

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the Serie 39 experiment looks like

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similar to the other experiment we had a

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wire which is a cathode

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a piece of the CR 39 plastic which is

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inside the cell with the electrolyte

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again the Palladium forms on the wire if

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the reaction occurs on the CR 39 side

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charge particles hit to see our 39 and

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make tracks in real life it looked like

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this the top picture is the cell with a

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scintillation crystal which is that

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round disc the cathode wires ran

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horizontally and then behind it you

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can't really see the anode wires ran

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vertically and the lower picture is the

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same thing with the CR 39 so we ran

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those two cells at the same time this is

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interesting we saw some good stuff here

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and curious we didn't see anything on

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the scintillation counter but on the CR

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39 we saw all sorts of good stuff this

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picture here is what the physical part

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looked like when we brought it out so

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there was physical evidence you could

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see where the lines were and if I blew

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those up with a microscope I see all

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sorts of tracks here and this

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representation on the right side is the

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spatial track density so in the area

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where the cathode is you've got the

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elevated counts what's interesting here

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is the number of counts was well larger

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than our background so if those counts

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represented charged particles we should

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have seen something on our scintillation

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counter which begged the question why

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not which brought us into the third

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phase of the experiment which was okay

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we see counts on the CR 39 how come we

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didn't see counts on the scintillation

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counter one of the criticisms that was

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mounted in the the field of this

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experiment was CA 39 is traditionally

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used in high-energy physics experiments

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in a vacuum chamber which is pristine

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and clean there were some

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criticisms that putting CR 39 into the

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electrolyte might allow the electrolyte

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to damage the CR 39 and make fake tracks

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if you will so the Navy Group came up

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with an experiment where they protected

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the Sierra 39 with mylar and we set out

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to reproduce that experiment exactly

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I might make a note that one of the

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Leonard researchers lectures is about

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constantly and that is if you're going

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to reproduce somebody's experiment

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reproduce their experiment don't make it

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better so what we did here was exactly

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the opposite we made it better and then

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about a year later we finally got to

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doing what we should have done at first

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but this is what we did okay so this is

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a cartoon of the mylar protected sea r39

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we cut a hole in the cell this little

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plastic box and we covered that hole

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with a mylar window the mylar was very

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thin so that the charged particles could

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pass through it without any problem and

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then the Sierra 39 was on the outside of

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the window not in the in contact with

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the electrolyte so again if a reaction

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occurs on the mylar side of the little

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palladium deposit the charge particle is

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generated passes through the through the

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mylar window hits the Sierra 39 and

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makes a track in real life it looked

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like this the mylar window was 6 microns

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00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:39,400
to put that in perspective a piece of

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paper is about 10 times that size it's

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about 50 to 100 microns so this is

302
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really thin the cathode wire is pressed

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up against the CR 39 and then up against

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the up against the mylar then the COR 39

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the charged particles pass through with

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very little attendant attenuation in

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addition to the CR 39 we also monitored

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some chemical characteristics of the

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cell we monitor this voltage and the pH

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and some things like that to get a

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better idea of what might be going on

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inside these cells what do we see well

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in all the cells that we ran with

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deuterium we saw significant increase in

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tracks in the area of the cathode and

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here you can see you know this is what

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the tracks look like in the microscope

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and they showed up here in the area of

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the cathode

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what did that mean we looked at the

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tracks and we observed as as others that

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observe before us that the tracks

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produced by the the electrolytic Co

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deposition process didn't look like

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tracks we got from calibration and the

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Lord said these tracks were produced by

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taking a known 5 MeV alpha emitter which

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was polonium-210 and exposing that to

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the CR 39 and then going through the

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development process and you get these

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really round or elliptical shaped

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distinct tracks the shape is a function

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of the angle that the particle hits the

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CR 39 with it hits dead-on there they're

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round otherwise are a little elliptical

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and up here we saw tracks that look very

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different which raised the question ok

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what what maybe made those the other

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thing we noted you know these cells run

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for three weeks and the cells

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particularly after electrolysis and a

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heavy water environment were clearly

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damaged the other thing we noted is in

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every case where we have elevated tracks

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the area where the tracks were elevated

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we saw something on the CR 39 we saw

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stuff like this you know the micrograph

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of a little blow-up look you know lots

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and lots of activity which correspond

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into regions that had high counts if you

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take CR 39 and put it in a vacuum

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chamber and expose it to a radioactive

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source you don't see anything to the

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naked eye you see it in the microscope

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but not to the naked eye so that made us

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a little suspicious that maybe something

357
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else was going on I'm not going to say

358
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much about this other than there was

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00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:20,330
significant evidence from our

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00:15:24,140 --> 00:15:23,250
measurement of pH and cell voltage and

361
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stuff like that there's a lot of

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chemistry going on inside the cell the

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pH goes from kind of acidic to real

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acidic up to very basic and there was

365
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also a period where we're making hypo

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chloride ions which is basically bleach

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so that made us ask is there any way

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that the chemistry in the cell is

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damaging

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the the CR 39 one of our colleagues at

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the Naval Research Lab suggested well

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00:15:52,730 --> 00:15:51,000
why don't you put some aluminum foil on

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it aluminum is pretty easily attacked by

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chlorine we did that in two different

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ways we put some strips of aluminum on

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and we also after we had built one of

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00:16:04,970 --> 00:16:02,460
these cells we had a phenol thin film of

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my aluminum put on the mylar sheikhan

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slips as you can see here it was pretty

380
00:16:11,780 --> 00:16:09,330
much destroyed and we had evidence of

381
00:16:14,090 --> 00:16:11,790
damage here the final experiment we did

382
00:16:16,910 --> 00:16:14,100
was we introduced a small air gap a half

383
00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:16,920
a millimeter air gap which is not enough

384
00:16:23,450 --> 00:16:20,490
to significantly lower the energy of

385
00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:23,460
charged particles and what we saw was in

386
00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:25,320
the case where we didn't have an air gap

387
00:16:29,450 --> 00:16:27,720
we had elevated counts in the cases

388
00:16:33,550 --> 00:16:29,460
where we did have our gaps the counts

389
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:33,560
went away so in summary we never saw

390
00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:39,710
we saw tracks even in the mylar

391
00:16:44,540 --> 00:16:41,580
protective Sierra 39 cell as well so

392
00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:44,550
cells without the mylar the tracks look

393
00:16:48,620 --> 00:16:47,010
different from normal alpha tracks the

394
00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:48,630
track location correlated well with

395
00:16:55,220 --> 00:16:51,570
damages mylar didn't prevent damage to

396
00:16:59,200 --> 00:16:55,230
the foil and if we put an air gap in the

397
00:17:01,340 --> 00:16:59,210
tracks all went away so we concluded

398
00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:01,350
unfortunately not what we wanted to find

399
00:17:08,329 --> 00:17:06,060
when we set out we concluded that the

400
00:17:12,670 --> 00:17:08,339
likely cause of the CR 39 tracks was

401
00:17:15,410 --> 00:17:12,680
chemical damage not nuclear activity and

402
00:17:19,310 --> 00:17:15,420
in all the runs we did in our lab over

403
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:19,320
an 18-month period we don't think we saw

404
00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:23,310
any evidence of charged particles and

405
00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:24,750
one of the lessons that we took away

406
00:17:30,110 --> 00:17:28,890
from this was it's important not to give

407
00:17:30,620 --> 00:17:30,120
up when you get the results you're

408
00:17:32,420 --> 00:17:30,630
looking for

409
00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:32,430
you really need to dig in and see if

410
00:17:36,230 --> 00:17:33,780
there's anything else that might be

411
00:17:39,180 --> 00:17:36,240
explaining what you've got thank you

412
00:18:09,730 --> 00:17:46,110
Oh dr. Kendall thank you very much we

413
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:12,520
I actually just wanted to applaud your

414
00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:14,720
closing statement I overheard a

415
00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:16,580
conversation with another attendee at

416
00:18:22,780 --> 00:18:20,450
this meeting saying that in any study

417
00:18:40,610 --> 00:18:22,790
she was always most suspicious when she

418
00:18:47,690 --> 00:18:44,990
just a very crude loose replication that

419
00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:47,700
got the same results as you I did one

420
00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:49,770
run sort of as a slap together

421
00:18:58,610 --> 00:18:54,150
duct tape hobbyist two runs one with the

422
00:19:01,280 --> 00:18:58,620
CR 39 rate on the electrolyte fills with

423
00:19:03,260 --> 00:19:01,290
millions of hits got hold of some very

424
00:19:05,180 --> 00:19:03,270
thin mylar put the mylar in the way I

425
00:19:07,670 --> 00:19:05,190
couldn't see any pits but then I didn't

426
00:19:10,370 --> 00:19:07,680
get the damage to the miler you saw so